Chapter 16

Sources

Regulatory texts, science literature, and industry data.

Regulatory & standards

FDA CPG Sec. 525.825 — vinegar definitions
Codex Alimentarius CXS 162-1987 — Standard for Vinegar
Consorzio Tradizionale di Modena — specs & seal system
Consorzio Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP
Vinagre de Jerez Regulatory Council
MAFF Japan — GI dossier, Kagoshima no Tsubozukuri Kurozu

Science & history

Pasteur, L., Études sur le vinaigre (1868) — founding text of vinegar microbiology
NC State Extension: Vinegar Making — yield math & home methods
Peer-reviewed literature on Komagataeibacter europaeus genomics, submerged acetification kinetics, and metabolomics of Chinese cereal vinegars

Industry data

Mordor Intelligence: Vinegar Market (2026–2031 outlook)
Valuates/QYResearch: Global Vinegar Market Report (2025–2031)

Compiled August 2026. Market figures are analyst estimates and vary by methodology; regulatory thresholds should be re-verified against current texts before any compliance use.